A researcher at the University at Buffalo, advised medical professionals who treat patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) to examine their patients' teeth.
The findings of the study published in PLOS ONE on April 14, Eskan showed that T2D patients with full chewing function have blood glucose levels that are considerably lower than those of patients with reduced chewing function. Eskan works as a clinical assistant professor in the UB School of Dental Medicine's Department of Periodontics and Endodontics.
The data from 94 T2D patients who were seen at an outpatient clinic in a hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, were examined in the retrospective analysis. The patients were split into two groups. The first group consisted of patients who had strong "occlusal function"--enough teeth that were correctly positioned and made contact with one another to allow for efficient food chewing. The blood glucose level for that group was 7.48. The second group's blood glucose level was over 2 per cent higher, at 9.42, and they could hardly chew at all due to missing part or all of those teeth.
When you sit down at a picnic table with family and friends, mastication--chewing--is the last thing on your mind. However, as you bite into your burger, several things start to happen. Digestion, the process by which your body extracts nutrients from food, begins as chewing stimulates the production of saliva. Nutrients that are important to reduce blood glucose levels include fiber, which is obtained in large part through chewing appropriate foods. Chewing also has been reported to stimulate reactions in the intestine that lead to increased insulin secretion, and the hypothalamus that promote a feeling of satiety, resulting in less food intake. Eating less decreases the likelihood of becoming overweight, which is a major risk factor for developing T2D.
Eskan received his DDS at Hacettepe University, a leading medical research center in Turkey, and earned his PhD at the University of Louisville, where he also completed a residency in periodontology. "My special clinical interest is to treat dental patients who are systemically compromised," he said. His research goal is to contribute to the big picture of improving public health. This research notes that, as of 2019, almost half a billion people worldwide had diabetes, and at least 90% of those patients with diabetes have T2D.
Addressing oral health has recently become part of the approach to managing diabetes along with encouraging patients to maintain a healthy weight, eat a healthy diet, and quit smoking. "Our findings show there is a strong association between mastication and controlling blood glucose levels among T2D patients," said Eskan. This study did not find any independent variables that could affect blood glucose levels among the subjects because there were no statistical differences among subjects regarding body mass index (BMI), sex, smoking status, medications, or infection as indicated by white blood cell count (WBC) at the baseline.
The dramatic improvement in one patient's case described in a 2020 study co-led by Eskin illustrates the potential benefit of improving occlusal function through dental implants and appropriate fixed restoration. A T2D patient whose chewing function was severely impaired by missing teeth presented initially with a blood glucose level of 9.1. The patient obtained nutrition by using a bottle and eating baby food. Four months after treatment with a full mouth implant-supported fixed restoration, the patient's glucose level dropped to 7.8. After 18 months, it decreased to 6.2.
Research has shown that an increase of just 1% in blood glucose level is associated with a 40 per cent increase in cardiovascular or ischemic heart disease mortality among people with diabetes, according to Eskan. Other complications can include kidney disease, eye damage, neuropathy, and slow healing of simple wounds like cuts and blisters.
"I'm interested in research that can improve people's health now," said Eskan. He and co-author Yeter E. Bayram, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamidiye Sisli Etfal Education and Research Hospital in Istanbul, look forward to further studies that explore possible causal relationships between occlusal support and blood glucose levels.
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